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CAD, the abbreviation for Computer-aided design, is deployed for designing real and virtual objects. CAD is not only shapes. The output of CAD usually must also include symbolic information, for instance processes, dimensions and tolerances in accordance with conventions of an application. CAD can be deployed to design curves and figures in two-dimensional (2D) space, and curves, surfaces and solids in 3-dimensional (3D) space. Computer-aided design is widely deployed in automotive, shipbuilding and aerospace industries, industrial and architectural design, prosthetics and others. CAD is also widely deployed to make computer animation for special effects in movies, commercials and technical manuals. Computer-aided design is deployed for designing tools and machinery as well as for drawing and designing all types of architectural structures, from small residential buildings to large commercial and industrial structures, for instance hospitals and factories. CAD is chiefly used for detailed engineering of 3D models and 2D drawings of physical components, but it is also deployed in the engineering process. Computer-aided design has become a particularly important technology among computer-aided technologies, as it is economically rational and time-saving. In the late 1980s when the CAD programmes became widely available, there started massive layoffs in drafting departments of some businesses, particularly small and mid-size ones. A CAD operator could replace three-five drafters using traditional techniques. Furthermore, a great many engineers started to do their own drafting projects, thus the need for traditional drawing departments disappeared. Consequently, a great many people were made redundant. Being rather expensive, the new technologies were mainly purchased by large corporations. Therefore, small firms were unable to compete against giants that extensively used CAD. Now, hardware and software costs are reasonably priced. Even high-end software packages require less expensive platforms and some even support multiple platforms.
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